An Early and Sustained Inflammatory State Induces Muscle Changes and Establishes Obesogenic Characteristics in Wistar Rats Exposed to the MSG-Induced Obesity Model.

The model of obesity induced by monosodium glutamate cytotoxicity on the hypothalamic nuclei is widely used in the literature. However, MSG promotes persistent muscle changes and there is a significant lack of studies that seek to elucidate the mechanisms by which damage refractory to reversal is established. This study aimed to investigate the early and chronic effects of MSG induction of obesity upon systemic and muscular parameters of Wistar rats. The animals were exposed to MSG subcutaneously (4 mg·g-1 b.w.) or saline (1.25 mg·g-1 b.w.) daily from PND01 to PND05 (n = 24). Afterwards, in PND15, 12 animals were euthanized to determine the plasma and inflammatory profile and to assess muscle damage. In PND142, the remaining animals were euthanized, and samples for histological and biochemical analyses were obtained. Our results suggest that early exposure to MSG reduced growth, increased adiposity, and inducted hyperinsulinemia and a pro-inflammatory scenario. In adulthood, the following were observed: peripheral insulin resistance, increased fibrosis, oxidative distress, and a reduction in muscle mass, oxidative capacity, and neuromuscular junctions, increased fibrosis, and oxidative distress. Thus, we can conclude that the condition found in adult life and the difficulty restoring in the muscle profile is related to the metabolic damage established early on.

Land use as an effective factor on the occurrence of chromosomal diseases in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of chromosomal diseases is a worldwide health problem. The use of agrochemicals, urbanization processes, and solar radiation can be predictive factors of the elevated risk of congenital malformations. In this sense, predicting the geographical potential of the distribution of chromosomal diseases has high relevance for public health. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe chromosomal prevalence in Brazil regions, from 2005 to 2015, to model a potential distribution of chromosomal disease occurrence probability associated with land use. METHODS: We used chromosomal prevalence to model a potential distribution of chromosomal diseases using machine learning algorithms. As the predictors of the models, we used the variables global forest canopy height, distance from the built-up area, and solar radiation. We characterized the predictive areas as potential occurrence of chromosomal diseases by land use and occupation. RESULTS: Georeferenced data of 43,672 karyotypes detected 7,237 cases of chromosomal diseases and used 5,362 to build the models. The models generated were accurate (TSS>0.5). DISCUSSION: The areas with greater occurrence of chromosomal diseases present a significant association with pasture areas, crops and agroforestry systems, and urbanized areas. This research is the first Brazilian study with this approach that seems promising in predicting the potential distribution of chromosomal diseases. Therefore, it can be an excellent management tool in public health.

Ampullae infection of the malpighian tubules of Bombyx mori by Alphabaculovirus / Infecção de células da ampola dos túbulos de malpighi de Bombyx mori pelo Alphabaculovirus

Alphabaculovirus is a genus of the entomopathogenic virus, whose species Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infects the silkworm, Bombyx mori, which is an important insect in the sericulture industry. A geographic isolate of BmNPV was identified in the state of Paraná, Brazil. It was infecting B. mori larvae and various organs and target tissues were identified, however, there was no information about the infection of Malpighian tubules (MT). The MT comprises the excretory system of B. mori and acts in the elimination of toxic substances and in hydroelectrolytic homeostasis. Thus, the present study examined the susceptibility and cytopathology of B. mori MT to BmNPV. To this end, hybrid fifth instar larvae were inoculated with a virus suspension at different days post-inoculation (dpi). MT segments were collected and divided into the ampullae, proximal, medial and distal regions. These were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron analysis. The MT regions revealed differences in susceptibility to BmNPV and the ampullae in its transition area was infected from the sixth dpi; the other regions did not reveal any evidence of infection. The transition area of the ampullae has not been previously described in Lepidoptera and its cytopathology revealed a hypertrophic nucleus with viroplasm, followed by the formation and development of viral polyhedra, which are common characteristics of infections by Alphabaculovirus. Thus, infection of the ampullae of the MT of B. mori by BmNPV, together with other known targets, compromises the metabolic balance of the insect, which results in consequences for silk production and damage to the sericulture sector.

Alphabaculovirus é um gênero de vírus entomopatogênico, cuja espécie Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infecta o bicho-da-seda, Bombyx mori, inseto importante na indústria sericícola. Um isolado geográfico do BmNPV foi identificado no estado do Paraná, Brasil, infectando lagartas de B. mori e vários órgãos e tecidos alvos foram identificados; entretanto, não há informações sobre a infecção do túbulo de Malpighi (TM). O TM compõe o sistema excretor de B. mori, atuando na eliminação de substâncias tóxicas e na homeostase hidroeletrolítica. Assim, o presente estudo, analisou a susceptibilidade e a citopatologia do TM de B. mori ao BmNPV. Para tanto, lagartas híbridas de 5° instar foram inoculadas com uma suspensão viral e em diferentes dias pós-inoculação (dpi), segmentos do TM foram coletados e subdivididos nas regiões da ampola, proximal, média e distal; sendo processados para análises em microscopias de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. As regiões do TM revelaram diferenças na susceptibilidade ao BmNPV e a ampola, na sua área de transição, foi infectada a partir do 6° dpi, já as demais regiões não revelaram quaisquer indícios de infecção. A área de transição da ampola, ainda não havia sido descrita em lepidópteros e sua citopatologia revelou núcleo hipertrófico com viroplasma, seguido da formação e desenvolvimento dos poliedros virais, características comuns das infecções pelo Alphabaculovirus. Assim, a infecção da ampola do TM de B. mori ao BmNPV, somada a de outros alvos conhecidos, compromete o equilíbrio metabólico do inseto, com consequências na produção de seda e prejuízos ao setor sericícola.

Citopatologia da infecção causada por BmNPV no tegumento de Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) / Cytopathology of BmNPV infection in the integument of Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Lagartas de Bombyx mori foram infectadas oralmente com uma suspensão de Nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), isolado no Paraná. Em diferentes tempos pós-inoculação, quarenta e oito lagartas foram anestesiadas, dissecadas e o tegumento foi retirado e fixado em DuBosq Brasil. O material seguiu o processamento histológico de rotina, sendo corado pela técnica de Azan modificado. As evidências de infecção do tegumento por BmNPV foram detectadas no 5º dia pós-iniculação e a citopatologia permitiu a análise de diversas etapas do processo infeccioso: o núcleo das células epiteliais se apresentou hipertrofiado com a formação do estroma virogênico ou viroplasma, local onde os vírions são produzidos; posteriormente, os vírions são ocluídos em um cristal protéico, o poliedro; ao final do processo infeccioso ocorre lise celular e liberação dos poliedros na hemolinfa. No 6º dia pós-inoculação, foi verificado, ao longo do tegumento, o desarranjo estrutural da procutícula, havendo a formação de espaços entre as lâminas sobrepostas. Estes espaços eram, por vezes, ocupados pelo vírus. Estas análises se relacionam com as manifestações sintomatológicas de fragilidade e ruptura do tegumento, que ocorrem no mesmo período. O líquido leitoso, consequentemente liberado, se constitui de restos de células lisadas e de poliedros (BmNPV). Assim, a ruptura do tegumento auxilia na dispersão da doença no barracão de criação do biclho-de-seda, possibilitando a infecção de outras lagartas na criação. Vinte e quatro lagartas controle, processadas da mesma maneira que o material inoculado com o BmNPV, não apresentaram nenhum sinal de infecção.